Numerical Simulation of Cylindrical Heat Pipe Using Al2O3-Water Nanofluid as the Working Fluid

Narong Pooyoo, Sivanappan Kumar

Abstract


This research was aimed to study the transport and thermal characteristics in a cylindrical heat pipe using Al2O3-water nano fluid. Maxwell-Garnett, Hamilton and Crosser, Jang and Choi, Chon et al. and Sitprasert et al. models were used to determine the thermal conductivity. The non-Darcian transport approach was used to determine the nanofluid flow in the liquid-wick section, while the mass flow rate was used to describe the fluid flow at liquid-vapor interface. The non-linear algebraic equations from finite volume method discretization were solved by iterative segregation method and the SIMPLEC algorithm. The numerical simulation results of axial outer wall temperature, centerline pressure, velocity magnitude and nanofluid recirculation were found to be in good agreement with the values obtained for the cylindrical heat pipe operation and earlier studies. The results indicate that alumina oxide in 20 nm mixed with water can reduce the thermal resistance of the cylindrical heat pipe by 5.7% in Maxwell-Garnett model and Hamilton and Crosser model; 36% in Jang and Choi model; 3.7% in Chon et al. model; 12.1% in Sitprasert et al. model; and 21.8% in Yu and Choi model compared to pure water. The simulation result shows that the use of Al2O3-water nanofluid increases the effective thermal conductivity in all models. Besides, the evaporator and condenser heat transfer coefficients are found to increase in models compared to that of pure water.

Keywords


Al2O3-water nanofluid; Cylindrical heat pipe; Single phase model; Thermal conductivity; Thermal resistance

Full Text:

PDF

References


Maxwell J.C., 1881. Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.

Hamilton R.L. and O.K. Crosser. 1962. Thermal conductivity of heterogeneous two-component systems, Industrial Chemical Fundamental 1(3): 187-191.

Bhattachaya P., Saha S.K., Yadav A., Phelan P.E., and Parsher R.S., 2004. Brownian dynamics simulation to determine the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Journal of Applied Physics 95: 6492-6494.

Jang S.P. and S.U.S. Choi. 2007. Effects Of various parameters on nanofluid thermal conductivity. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 129: 617-623.

Chon C.H., Kihm K.D., Lee S.P., and Choi S.U.S., 2005. Empirical correlation fin the role of temperature and particle size for nanofluid (Al2O3) thermal conductivity enhancement, Applied Physics Letters 87: 153107.

Sitprasert C., Dechaumphai P., and Juntrasaro V., 2009. A thermal conductivity model for nanofluids including effect of the temperature -dependent interfacial layer. Nanoparticles Research 11: 1465-1476.

Choi J. and Y. Zhang. 2012. Numerical simulation of laminar forced convection heat transfer of Al2O3-water nanofluid in a pipe with return bend. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 55: 90-102.

Mahmoodi M., 2011. Numerical simulation of free convection of a nanofluid in L-shaped cavities International Journal of Thermal Sciences 50: 1731-1742.

Do K.H. and S.P. Jang. 2010. Effect of nanofluids on the thermal performance of a flat micro heat pipe with a rectangular grooved wick. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53: 2183-2192.

Einstein A., 1906. A new determination of the molecular dimensions. Ann Physics 19: 289-306.

Smith J.M., and van Ness H.C., 1987. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Kaviany M., 1995. Principle Of Heat Transfer In Porous Media, Second Edition. Springer, New York.

Mousa M.G, 2011. Effect of nanofluid concentration on the performance of circular heat pipe. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 2: 63-69.

Das S.K., Choi S.U.S., Yu W., and Pradeep T., 2007. Nanofluid Science and Technology. London, Wiley-Interscience.

Shafahi M., Bianco V., Vafai K., and Manca O., 2010, An investigation of the thermal performance of cylindrical heat pipes using nanofluids. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53: 376-383.

Zhu N. and K. Vafai. 1999. Analysis of cylindrical heat pipe incorporating the effects of liquid-vapor coupling and non-Darcian transport a closed form solution. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 42: 3405-3418.

Huang L., EI-Genk M.S., and Tournier J.M., 1993. Transient performance of an inclined water heat pipe with a screen wick. Heat Pipes and Capillary Pumped Loops. 236: 87-92.

Kavusi H. and D. Toghraie. 2017. A comprehensive study of the performance of a heat pipe by using of various nanofluids. Advanced Powder Technology 28: 3074-3084.

Pak B.C., and Y.I. Cho. 1998. Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles. Experimental Heat Transfer 11: 151-170.

Brinkman H.C., 1952. The viscosity of concentrated suspensions and solution. Journal of Chemical Physics 20(4): 571-581.

Chi S.W., 1976. Heat Pipe Theory and Practice, Hemisphere, Washington, DC.

Yu W. and S.U.S. Choi. 2003. The role of interfacial layers in the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids: a renovated Maxwell model. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 5: 167-171.

Alizad K., Vafai K., and Shafahi M., 2012. Thermal performance and operational attributes of the startup characteristics of flat-shaped heat pipes using nanofluids. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55: 140-155.

Dunn P.D. and D.A. Reay. 2005. Heat Pipes, Theory Design and Applications. Pergamon, New York.

Shafahi M., Bianco V., Vafai K., and Manca O., 2010. Thermal performance of flat-shaped heat pipe using nanofluids. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53: 1438-1445.

Gavtash B., Hussain K., Layeghi M., and Lafmejani S.S., 2012. Numerical simulation of the effect of nanofluid on a heat pipe thermal performance. World Academy of Science. Engineering and Technology 68: 549-555.

Mashaei P.R., Shahryari M., Fazeli H., and Hosseinalipour S.M., 2016. Numerical Simulation of nanofluid application in a horizontal mesh heat pipe with multiple heat source: a smart fluid for high efficiency thermal system. applied thermal engineering 100: 1016-1030.

Poplaski L.M, Benn S.P., and Faghri A., 2017. Thermal performance of heat pipes using nanofluids. International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer 107: 358-371.

Herrera B., Chejne F., Mantelli M.B.H, Mejia J., and Cocoa K, 2019. Population balance for capillary limit modeling in a screen mesh wick heat pipe working with nanofluids. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 138: 134-158.

Maddaha H., Ghazvinib M., and Ahmadic M.H, 2019. Predicting the efficiency of CuO/water nanofluid in heat pipe heat exchanger using neural network. International Communication in Heat and Mass Transfer 104: 33-40.

Hassan H., and Harmand S., 2013. 3D Transient model of vapour chamber: effect of nanofluids on its performance. Applied Thermal Engineering 51: 1191-1201.

Pooyoo N., Kumar S., Charoensuk J., and Suksangpanomrung A., 2014. Numerical simulation of cylindrical heat pipe considering non-Darcian transport for liquid flow inside wick and mass flow rate at liquid-vapor interface. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 70: 965–978.

Sajid M.U. and S.H.M. Ali. 2019. Recent advances in application of nanofluids in heat transfer devices: a critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 103: 556–592.

Wang C.Y. and P. Cheng. 1997. Multiphase flow and heat transfer in porous media. Advances in Heat Transfer 30: 93–182.

CFD-ACE+ V2009 User Manual, 2009. ESI Group CFD, Incorporation, Atlanta, Georgia.

Xuan Y. and W. Roetzel. 2000. Conceptions for heat transfer correlation of nanofluids. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 43: 3701-3707.

Leong K.C., Yang C., and Murshed S.M.S., 2006. A model for the thermal conductivity of nanofluids: the effect of inertial layer. Journal of Nanoparticles Research 8: 245-254.

Faghri A., 1991. Analysis of frozen startup of high temperature heat pipes and three-dimensional modeling. Interim Report for Period January 1990-May 1991. Aero Propulsion and Power directorate, Wright Laboratory.

Shabgard H. and A. Faghri. 2011. Performance characteristics of cylindrical heat pipes with multiple heat sources. Applied Thermal Engineering 31: 3410-3418.

Aghvami M. and A. Faghri. 2011. Analysis of flat heat pipes with various heating and cooling configurations. Applied Thermal Engineering 31: 2645-2655.

Nouri-Borujerdi A. and M. Layeghi. 2004. A numerical analysis of vapor flow in concentric annular heat pipes. Journal of Fluid Engineering. 126: 442-448.

Mahjoub S. and A. Mahtabrosham. 2008. Numerical simulation of a convectional heat pipe, Proceeding of World Academy of Science, Engineering Technology 29: 117-122.

Thuchayapong N., Nakano A., Sakulchangsatjatai P., and Terdtoon P., 2012. Effect of capillary pressure on performance of a heat pipe: numerical approach with FEM, Applied Thermal Engineering 32: 93-99.

Layeghi M. and A. Nouri-Borujerdi. 2005. Vapor flow analysis in partially heated concentric annular heat pipes. International Journal of Computational Engineering Science 5:235–244.

Nouri-Borujerdi A. and M. Layeghi. 2005. Liquid flow analysis in concentric annular heat pipe wicks. Journal of Porous Media 8: 471–480.

Annamalai A.S. and V. Ramalingam. 2011. Experimental investigation and CFD analysis of an air-cooled condenser heat pipe. Thermal Science 15: 757-772.

Kuzetzov G.V. and A.E. Sitnikov. 2002. Numerical modeling of heat and mass transfer in a low-temperature heat pipe. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 75: 840-848.

Kaya T. and J. Goldak. 2007. Three-dimensional numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer in heat pipe. Heat and Mass Transfer 43: 775-785.

de Ornelas S., de Sousa S., Dong C., Fernelius M., Hofer M., Holsclaw T., Jennison A., Mai D., Ninh K., and van der Poel M., 2006. Mathematical modeling, numerical simulation, and statistical optimization of heat pipe design. Center for Applied Mathematics, Computation and Statistics, Department of Mathematics San Jose State University San Jose, CA.

Mistry P.R., Thakkar F.M., De S., and Das Gupta S., 2010. Indirect experimental validation of a two- dimensional model of the transient and steady-state characteristics of a wicked heat pipe. Experimental Heat Transfer 23: 333–348.

Ergun S., 2007. Fluid flow through packed columns. Chemical Engineering Program. 48: 89–90.

Versteeg H.K. and W. Malasekera. 2007. An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics, The Finite Volume Method. Pearson, Prentice Hall.

Peterson G.P., 1994. Heat Pipes: Modeling, Testing and Applications. John Willey & Sons, Incorporation, United States of America.

Schmalhofer J. and A. Faghri. 1993. A study of circumferentially heated and block-heated heat pipes-ii, three-dimensional modeling as a conjugate problem. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 36: 213-226.

Brusly S.A., Ramachandran K., Godson A.L., and Pillai B.C., 2014 Numerical analysis of a screen mesh wick heat pipe with Cu/water. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 75: 523-533.