Characteristics of Biogas-Hydrogen Engines in a Hybrid Renewable Energy System

Van Ga Bui, Trung Hung Vo, Thi Minh Tu Bui, Le Bich Tram Truong, Thanh Xuan Nguyen Thi

Abstract


Solar-biogas hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is an effective way for electrification of rural area in the developing countries. When the power of the PV panels of the HRES is higher than that of the load, the excess energy is used to produce hydrogen through the water electrolyser. Hydrogen is then blended with biogas to fuel the internal combustion engine of the generator. A microcontroller connects the PV panels, the water electrolyser, and the consumed network to automatically start the generator when an additional power is needed. The addition of 20% hydrogen into biogas M7C3 leads to an increase in engine cycle work by 13%, 4% and 2% at 100%, 65% and 50% load operating mode, respectively. As compared to full load mode, CO and HC emissions of the engine are doubled, but the NOx emission drops down 50% in the half load operating mode. Independently loading regime, the addition of hydrogen to biogas results in a decrease in CO and HC emissions, but an increase in NOx emissions. At a given speed and engine loading mode, the optimal equivalence ratio and advance ignition angle decrease as increasing CH4 composition in biogas or/and H2 content in fuel blend.

Keywords


Biogas; Hybrid renewable energy system; Hydrogen storage system; Renewable energy; Solar energy

Full Text:

PDF

References


IEA, 2021. Global population without access to electricity by region, 2000-2021. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-population-without-access-to-electricity-by-region-2000-2021-2.

The World Bank, 2021. Report: Universal Access to Sustainable Energy Will Remain Elusive Without Addressing Inequalities. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/06/07/report-universal-access-to-sustainable-energy-will-remain-elusive-without-addressing-inequalities.

Robert F.C. and S. Gopalan. 2018. Low cost, highly reliable rural electrification through a combination of grid extension and local renewable energy generation. Sustainable Cities Society 42: 344-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.010.

Khodayar M.E., 2017. Rural electrification and expansion planning of off-grid microgrids. The Electricity Journal 30: 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2017.04.004.

Sigarchian S.G, Paleta R., Malmquist A., Pina A., 2015. Feasibility study of using a biogas engine as backup in a decentralized hybrid (PV/wind/battery) power generation system - case study Kenya. Energy 90: 1830-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.008.

Yousefi H., Ghodusinejad M.H., Kasaeian A., 2017, Multi-objective optimal component sizing of a hybrid ICE + PV/T driven CCHP microgrid. Applied Thermal Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.017.

Lian J., Zhang Y., Ma C., Yanga Y., and Chaima E., 2019. A review on recent sizing methodologies of hybrid renewable energy systems. Energy Conversion and Management 199: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112027.

Dujardin J., Kahl A., Kruyt B., Bartlett S., and Lehning M., 2017. Interplay between photovoltaic, wind energy and storage hydropower in a fully renewable Switzerland. Energy 135: 513-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.092.

Silva A.R., Pimenta F.M., Assireu A.T., and Spyrides M.H.C., 2016. Complementarity of Brazil׳ s hydro and offshore wind power. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56: 413-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.045.

Zhou S., Wang Y., Zhou Y., Clarke L.E., and Edmonds J.A., 2018. Roles of wind and solar energy in China’s power sector: implications of intermittency constraints. Applied Energy 213:22-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.025.

Ataei A., Nedaei M., Rashidi R., and Yoo C., 2015. Optimum design of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system for an office building. Renewable Sustainable Energy 7(5): 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934659.

Khatib T., Mohamed A., Sopian K., and Mahmoud M., 2015. Optimal sizing of hybrid pv/wind systems for Malaysia using loss of load probability. Energy Sources Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 37(7): 687-695. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2011.592920.

Guo S., Liu Q., Sun J., and Jin H., 2018. A review on the utilization of hybrid renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 91 1121–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.105.

Chouaib A., Djamel B., Batoul T., and Salim M., 2021. Sizing, optimization, control and energy management of hybrid renewable energy system- a review. Energy and Built Environment, In Press, Available online 4 May 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2021.04.002.

Come Zebra E.I., Henny J.W., Nhumaio G., and Faaij A.P.C., 2021. A review of hybrid renewable energy systems in mini-grids for off-grid electrification in developing countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 144. In Press, Available online July 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111036.

Jaszczur M., Hassan Q., Palej P., and Abdulateef J., 2020. Multi-Objective optimisation of a micro-grid hybrid power system for household application. Energy 202: 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117738.

Prebeg P., Gasparovic G., Krajacic G., Krajacic G., and Duic N., 2016. Long-term energy planning of Croatian power system using multi-objective optimization with focus on renewable energy and integration of electric vehicles. Applied Energy 184: 1493-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.086.

Bär K., Saidi A., Hackl C., and Zörner W., 2019. Combined operation of photovoltaic and biogas plants for optimal transformer loading. Chemical Engineering Transactions 76: 601-606. DOI:10.3303/CET1976101.

Pourbehzadi M., Niknam T., Aghaei J., and Mokryani G., 2019. Electrical Power and Energy Systems Optimal operation of hybrid AC/DC microgrids under uncertainty of renewable energy resources: a comprehensive review. Electrical Power Energy Systems 109: 139–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.01.025.

Fathima A.H. and K. Palanisamy. 2015. Optimization in microgrids with hybrid energy systemse: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews 45: 431-46.

Ifegwu E., Anjaneyulu K., 2014. Sustainable rural development: solar/biomass hybrid renewable energy system. Energy Procedia 57: 1492-1501. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.141.

Ismail M.S., Moghavvemi M., Mahlia T.M.I., Muttaqi K.M., and Moghavvemi S., 2015. Effective utilization of excess energy in standalone hybrid renewable energy systems for improving comfort ability and reducing cost of energy: a review and analysis. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews. 42: 726-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.051.

Williams N.J., Jaramillo P., Taneja J., and Ustun T.S., 2015. Enabling private sector investment in microgrid-based rural electrification in developing countries: a review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews 52: 1268-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.153.

Soumya M., Hosna Y., Sarker M.R.I., and Beg M.R.A., 2017. Prospect of solar-PV/biogas/diesel generator hybrid energy system of an off-grid area in Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh, 22-23 Feb. 2017. AIP Conference Proceedings 1919, Published Online 28 December 2017; 020020_1-8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5018538.

SUNRUN,2021. Cost of solar in 2021, https://www.sunrun.com/solar-lease/cost-of-solar.

Borges Neto M.R., Carvalho P.C.M., Carioca J.O.B., and Canafistula F.J.F., 2010. Biogas/photovoltaic hybrid power system for decentralized energy supply of rural areas. Energy Policy 38: 4497-450. https://doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.004.

Perkins G., 2018. Techno-economic comparison of the levelised cost of electricity generation from solar PV and battery storage with solar PV and combustion of biocrude using fast pyrolysis of biomass. Energy Conversion Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.06.090.

Bär K., Wagender S., Solka F., Saidi A., and Zörner W., 2020. Flexibility potential of photovoltaic power plant and biogas plant hybrid systems in the distribution grid. Chemical Engineering and Technology pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202000025.

Häring G., Sonnleitner M., Bär K., Brown N., and Zörner W., 2017. Demonstration of controllable electricity production via biogas plants. Chemical Engineering Technology 40: 298-305.

Dotzauer M., Pfeiffer D., Lauer M., Pohl M, Mauky E, Bar K, Sonnleitner M, Zorner W, Hudde J, and Schwarz B, 2018. How to measure flexibility-performance indicators for demand driven power generation from biogas plants. Renewable Energy 134: 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.021.

Tamoor M., Suleman T., Muhammad S., Muhammad B.T., Shahid I., Tasmia N., 2020. Design of 3 kW integrated power generation system from solar and biogas. Hydrogen Energy, 45(23): 12711-12720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.207.

Torres R.A., Marin D., Rodero M.R., Pascual C., Gonzalez-Sanchez A., Crespo I.G., Lebrero R., and Torre R.M., 2020. Biogas treatment for H2S, CO2, and other contaminants removal. Recent Developments, New Trends, Advances, and Opportunities, Chapter 8: 153-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819064-7.00008-X.

Kumar V. and N. Kaistha. 2020. Control of a concentrated solar power-biogas hybrid unit. IFAC Papers OnLine 53(1): 332-337.

Agyenim F.B., Dzamboe P.D., Mohammed M., Dzamboe P.D., and Bawakyillenuo S., 2020. Powering communities using hybrid solar-biogas in Ghana, a feasibility study. Environmental Technology & Innovation 19(1), 100837. In Press, Available online April 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100837.

Nixon J.D., Dey P.K., and Davies P.A., 2012. The feasibility of hybrid solar-biomass power plants in India. Energy 46: 541-54.

Rajbongshi R, Borgohain D, and Mahapatra S., 2017. Optimization of PV-biomass-diesel and grid base hybrid energy systems for rural electrification by using HOMER. Energy 126: 461-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.056.

Ahmad J, Imran M, Khalid A, Iqbal W, Ashraf SR, Adnan M., Ali S.F., and Khokhar K.S., 2018. Techno economic analysis of a wind-photovoltaic-biomass hybrid renewable energy system for rural electrification: a case study of Kallar Kahar. Energy 148: 208–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.133.

Shahzad MK, Zahid A, Rashid T, Abdullah M., Muzaffar R., and Ahmad A.M., 2017. Techno-economic feasibility analysis of a solar-biomass off grid system for the electrification of remote rural areas in Pakistan using HOMER software. Renewable Energy: 106: 264-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.033.

Ganthia B.P., Sasmita S., Rout K., Pradhan A., and Nayak J., 2018. An economic rural electrification study using combined hybrid solar and biomass-biogas system. Materials Today: Proceedings 5, 220-225.

Krishna K.S. and K. Kumar. 2015. A review on hybrid renewable energy systems. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews 52: 907-916.

Bui V.G, Tran V.N, and Truong L.B.T, 2013. Determination of Optimal Operational Parameters of SI Biogas Engines Converted from Diesel Engines by Modelling and Experimental Studies. In the Proceedings of The 14th Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics-14ACFM, October l5-19,2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam, pp. 819-824.

Bui V.G. and V.N. Tran. 2014. Mixer design for high performance SI engine converted from a diesel engine. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology 3(1): 2743-2760.

Bui V.G. and V.N. Tran. 2014. Appropriate structural parameters of biogas SI engine converted from diesel engine. IET Renewable Power Generation 8:1-7.

Bui V.G., Tran V.N., Hoang A.T., Bui T.M.T., and Vo A.V., 2020. A simulation study on a port-injection SI engine fueled with hydroxy-enriched biogas. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, In Press, Available online 10 August 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1804487.

Bui V.G., Bui T.M.T., Nguyen V.D., and Bui V.H., 2020. Analysis of combustion and NOx formation in a SI engine fueled with HHO enriched biogas. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 19(5): 317-327.

Bui V.G., Tran V.N., Bui T.M.T, and Nguyen Q.T., 2018. Numerical simulation studies on performance, soot and NOx emissions of dual-fuel engine fueled with hydrogen enriched biogas mixtures. Renewable Power Generation pp. 1-8 https://doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2017.0559.

Ilbas M., Crayford A.P., Yilmaz I., Bowen P.J., and Syred N., 2006. Laminar-burning velocities of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-methane-air mixture: an experimental study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31: 1768-1779.

Porpatham E., Ramesh A., and Nagalingam B., 2007. Effect of hydrogen addition on the performance of a biogas fueled spark ignition engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32: 2057-2065.

Demuynck J., Raes N., Zuliani M., De Paepe M., Sierens R., and Verhelst S., 2009. Local heat flux measurement in a hydrogen and methane spark ignition engine with a thermopile sensor. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34: 9857-9868.

Mohammed Y.S., Mustafa M.W., and Bashir N., 2014. Hybrid renewable energy systems for off-grid electric power: Review of substantial issues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 35: 527-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.022.

Wang J, Huang Z, Fang Y, Liu B, Zeng K, Miao H, and Jiang D., 2007. Combustion behaviors of a direct injection engine operating on various fractions of natural gas-hydrogen blends. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32(15): 3555-3564.

Boretti A., 2010. Comparison of fuel economies of high efficiency diesel and hydrogen engines powering a compact car with a flywheel based kinetic energy recovery systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35: 8417-8424.

Bui V.G., Nguyen V.H., Bui T.M.T., and Bui V.H., 2015: Utilization of poor biogas as fuel for hybrid biogas-diesel dual fuel stationary engine. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 5(4): 1007-1015.

Bui V.G., Tran V.N., and Truong L.B.T., 2008. Engines fueled by biogas: A contribution to energy saving and climate change mitigation. The 6th Seminar on Environment Science and Technology Issues Related to Climate Change Mitigation. Japan-Vietnam Core University Program, Osaka, Japan, 26-28 November 2008.

Bui V.G., Tran V.N., and Nguyen T.T.X, 2010. Utilization of biogas engines in rural area: A contribution to climate change mitigation. Colloque International RUNSUD 2010, pp. 19-31, Universite Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France, 23-25 Mars 2010.

Pham Q.T. and T.M.T Bui. 2020. adaptation of a hydrogen-enriched biogas engine in a solar-biogas hybrid energy system. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 9(5): 812-819.